Comparative studies of earth reinforcing elements

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Since its introduction over twenty five years ago, reinforced earth has been successfully utilized internationalily for the construction of earth-retention structures, an application where the technique has proved cost-competitive with conventional retention methods. initially used for highway retaining walls and bridge abutments, reinforced earth structures have subsequently been designed for, and subjected to, a variety of loading conditions including static, dynamic and seismic loads, thermal stresses, and hydraulic forces from tidal action, rapid draw-down, and wave impact. structures built include retaining walls, buttresses to stabilize landslides, bridge abutments, foundation slabs, dams, sea walls, crude oil and cryogenic liquid containment dykes, sedimentation basins, and ore storage and transfer facilities.