Earthquake response of masonry structures

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Among all the disasters which happen to earth, are earthquakes which represent the disaster. they have killed thousands and are still and destroying constructions and lives. various countries are subjected to this disaster, and for this national codes of practice have been detailed to well design structures to resist this hazardous phenomena. in this, it has been established some of the methods carrying design and conception for both concrete masonry constructions and masonry brickworks. also, of structures, low rise and high rise constructions, has been discussed. after that of materials used, their properties, and their conception to be made to resist earthquakes are also detailed in big damages which affected constructions in various countries have shown that the effects of earthquakes on depend on the nature of the land upon which the building is sited, what the building is made of, its design, how well it is made and the nature of the earthquake shock. from this designers have taken an idea of how efficient they must design their constructions from the foundations to the last level of the building. modern assumptions for designing the masonry structures have been adopted, this is well explained in where dealing with masonry reinforcement so as to be efficient and ductile in resisting earthquake excitations.